Classical Languages
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Classical Languages
The Department of Higher Education, Ministry of Education, Govt. of India has declared Six languages as classical languages, and four of them established Classical Language Centers among six has. These Research Centres will work on various schemes and activities identified by the Central Institute of Indian Languages, Mysuru, which includes research, documentation, propagation and teaching of the language. These Centers will also coordinate such work undertaken by the individuals, institutions in the States/UTs of India and abroad and provide linkages to studies in other classical languages in the world.Browse
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- Itemకవిజనాశ్రయము-ఛందశ్శాస్త్రము(CIIL-Mysuru, 1917) వేములవాడ భీమకవి Vemulavada Bheema Kavi; జయంతి రామయ్య పంతులు Jayanti Ramaiah PantuluIt is the First Chando Grantha in Telugu. This book authorship has different opinions in Telugu Literature from the beginning. This book was edited by Jayanti Ramaiahpantulu and published by Andhra Sahitya Parishat, Kakinada in 1917 in the name of Vemulavada Bheemakavi. So many discussions about this book authorship taken place. Recently some of the critics observations that Malliya Rechana (940B.C) is the Author of this book through the literary and inscriptions (Kurkyala Inscription) evidences.
- Itemಶಬ್ದಮಣಿದರ್ಪಣಂ(Kanarese Mission Book and Tract Depository, 1920) Keshiraja; Rev.F. Kittel‘Shabdamanidarpanam’ was written by ‘Kesiraja’ in 1260 CE. It explains a comprehensively about ‘Kannada Grammar’. Literal meaning of the word ‘Shabdamanidarpanam’ is ‘Jewel-Mirror of Grammar’. It is used as a textbook, also in the introduction of this book explained by author himself firstly explained about importance of language, then importance of Grammar. Also he has mentioned about reference books, such as written by ‘Gajana’, ‘Gunanandi’, ‘Manasija’ ‘Asaga’, Chandrabhatta’, ‘Gunavarma’, ‘honna’, ‘pampa’ etc., which were helped him to write ‘Shabdamanidarpana’ in a systematic and significant way about ‘old Kannada language’. It may be treated as first book on ‘Kannada linguistics’, what modern linguistics is trying to explain.
- Itemఆంధ్ర భాషా భూషణం(CIIL-Mysuru, 1932) మూలఘటిక కేతన Muulaghatika KeetanaFirst grammar for Telugu in Telugu. This book was written by “Mulaghatika Kethana”. He is having honorific “Abhinavadandi”. He belongs to 13th Century. This book was familiar in Telugu Grammar. He was divided Telugu grammar in to Five Parts. They are 1.Thachamam, 2. Thadbdavam, 3.Achatenugu, 4.Desyam and 5.Gramyam. All the Telugu poets Simulated to him for their writings.
- Itemఆంధ్ర శబ్ద చింతామణి(CIIL-Mysuru, 1932) నన్నయ భట్టారక Nannaya BhattaarakaFirst grammar book for Telugu in Sanskrit language. This book authorship is obscure. While it is attributed to the great poet-scholar Nannaya Bhattu (eleventh century). There is no full evidences for authorship of Nannaya Bhattu in literary and grammatically. So many critics are believed that somebody wrote this book and put in the name of the great poet “Nannaya Bhattu”.
- Itemవృషాథిప శతకము(CIIL-Mysuru, 1939) పాలకురికి సోమనాధ కవి Palakuriki Soomanaatha Kavi; పెనుమత్స మహాదేవ కవి Penumatsa Mahadeeva KaviIt is first completed satakam in Telugu literature. Written by Palkuriki Somana belongs to the 12th century. It shows the way to the other classical Telugu poets in the sataka genre. From Vrusadhipa satakam this genre is continued by the lateral Telugu poets. Thus Somana is called the first sataka poet in Telugu Literature.
- Itemಆದಿಪುರಾಣಂ(Shri Panchacharya Electric Press, 1946) Edatore Chandrashekharashashtri M.V.The work focusses in his own unique style the pilgrimage of a soul to perfection and attainment of mukti. In the work, the struggle for power and control over the entire world of two brothers Bharata and Bahubali, sons of Rishabhadeva. While Bahubali wins, he renounces the worldly pursuits in favor of his brother. Many Jaina Puranas of the Middle Ages found a role model in this work.
- Itemಛಂದೋಂಬುಧಿ(Sreevathsa Press, 1946) Nagavarma-I ; H.S. Ramaswamy Iyengar‘Chandombudhi’ was written by Nagavarma-I, a King of Ganga Dyanasty. He has devoted a section of the Chandombudhi to Kannada metres called as ‘Kannada Visayajati’. He mentioned the native metre that is ‘Shatpadi’. In this book he has also explained about the prosody of ‘Sanskrit’ and ‘Prakrit’. It has six chapters.
- Itemವಡ್ಡಾರಾಧನೆ(Shreekantaiah Acchu Kuuta, Kannada Sahithya Parishat, Chamarajpete, 1949) ShivakotyacharyaVaddaradhane was written by ‘Shivakotyacharya’ is the earliest prose work in ‘Kannada’ and also a informative work consisting of 19 stories and explanation is based on ‘Bruhatkathakosha’ by Harisena. It explains about the life of Bhadrabahu of Shravanabelagola in a detailed portrayal. The work may be dated to 9th Century but some scholars have mentioned as pre 6th century. As per the evidences, Shivakotyacharya is native of Kogali, Bellary district, Karnataka.
- Itemలఘు కృతులు(CIIL-Mysuru, 1962) పాలకురికి సోమనాధ కవి Palakuriki Soomanaatha Kavi; బండారు తమ్మయ్యగారు Bandaru Tammayya garuPalkuriki Somana is the well known legendary poet in Veerasaiva literature in Telugu. He is belongs to 12th century. He is the first udaharana poet in Telugu as well as Sanskrit. He wrote many text praises for Shiva in Telugu, Kannada and Sanskrit languages. Palkuriki Somana, a Telugu poet started great genres in Sanskrit and Kannada with his works Basavodaharana and basavaastakam. Be a Telugu poet, he wrote many Classical Texts in Kannada and Sanskrit. So, he is a multilingual poet.
- Itemଗୀତାଭିଧାନ(Tara Press, 1977) ଉପେନ୍ଦ୍ର ଭଞ୍ଜ Upendra Bhanja; Sridhar Satapathy ଶ୍ରୀଧର ଶତପଥୀGitabhidhan- the first Dictionary of Odia language written in poetry by Kabisamrat Upendra Banja in seventeenth century is a unique example in Indian Languages. This text is typically a thesaurus like the famous Amara Kosa in Sanskrit containing thousands of synonyms signifying the words with meanings. Upendra Bhanja, most celebrated poet of medieval age who has shown his Excellence in various forms of archaic poetry has composed this dictionary in poetry as one of the brilliant example of word play in 17th century.
- Itemଲକ୍ଷ୍ମୀ ପୁରାଣ(Odisha Sahitya Akademi Bhubaneswar, 1984) ବଳରାମ ଦାସ Balaram Das; Jatindra Mohan Mohanty ଯତୀନ୍ଦ୍ର ମୋହନ ମହାନ୍ତିLaxmi Puran, by Balaram Dasa, author of popular Ramayan, is a unique literary product propagating the superiority of the quite unostetentatious life of a woman to the noisy activities of a man .Even today, after 500 years this book provides one of the finest most highly edifying and intensely entertaining folk tale in Orissa. The theme and spirit of this small book have become an integral part of the National life and national consciousness in Odisha, an indication of the powerful influence. This literature can exercise over the mass mind it treated by the great poet. It is more relevant because of the modernism of its attitude towards the position of women at home and in the society and to the caste system and general social standards. It may be considered the first subaltern text in Indian literature.
- Itemସୀସୁ ବେଦ(Odisha Sahitya Akademi Bhubaneswar, 1984) ନାଥ ଯୋଗୀ Natha Jogi; Jatindra Mohan Mohanty ଯତୀନ୍ଦ୍ର ମୋହନ ମହାନ୍ତିSisu Veda is a remarkable production in more ways than one Saivite in content; it is linguistically the last lingering echo of the Buddhist Apabhransa compositions of 7th to 9th century. This Sisu Veda is the unmistakable link between that Apabhransa and modern Odia of Sarala Dasa completing the chain that started with the inscription of Kharabela in the first century BC and evolved slowly but steadily by a simple natural process. Dealing with the esoteric knowledge of tantra this is written throughout in lilting metres of the Buddhist lyrics and hence it is pleasant both to read and to hear. Much more remarkable than the verses at the prose commentaries following each verse in this text. This archaic prose speaks of its own antiquity. It has the hesitant manner and the half articulate character of a Pioneer attempt. It undoubtedly belongs to the same category as the temple inscriptions of the 12th- 13th centuries. There is no doubt that this is the earliest literary prose in Odia.
- Itemଆଶ୍ଚର୍ଯ୍ୟ ଚର୍ଯ୍ୟାଚୟ(Odisha Sahitya Akademi Bhubaneswar, 1989) ବୌଦ୍ଧ ସିଦ୍ଧାଚାର୍ଯ୍ୟଗଣ Buddhist Saints; Dr. Karunakar Kar ଡକ୍ଟର କରୁଣାକର କରCharyapada, though it is claimed by all eastern languages as their beginning, various indigenous Odia words and meters used ascertained it's language as proto-Odia. These Buddhist poems written by 84 Sidhacharyas during 7th to 9th century discovered by M. M. Harprasad Shastri from Nepal. Admits in the introduction of this text that one poets domicile happens to be Odisha and his song also is written in Odia language. Out of these Buddhist signs some are undoubtedly from Odisha namely Kanhupa, Sabaripa, Luipa and Sarahapa . The tradition Sahajayana and the place Uddiyan were situated in ancient Odisha. The language in which these Buddhist poems were composed is known as Sandhya Bhasha or Twilight language. Because of this all the languages of eastern India are claiming it is their proto form. But on the basis of the linguistic analysis both morphological and syntactic study explores its root in proto-Odia language.
- Itemಹರಿಹರನ ರಗಳೆಗಳ ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯಕ ಅಧ್ಯಯನ(Abhiruchi Prakashana, No 386, 14th Main road, Saraswathipuram, Mysuru-09, 1999) Dr. K.P. Mahadevaiah
- Itemଗୀତଗୋବିନ୍ଦ(Odisha State Musium, 2008) ଜୟଦେବ JayadevMahakavi Jayadeva's great text Gita Govinda is a pan-Indian text. But Gita Gobinda seva in Jagannath temple since sixteenth century and the long tradition of lyrical poetry correlates the origin of Gita Govinda in Odisha, known as the home land of Jayadeva. The beautiful palm leaf manuscript amazingly portrays the melodious songs in Odia script.
- Itemಹರಿಶ್ಚಂದ್ರ ಚರಿತೆ(Kannada Sahithya Parishat, Pampa Mahakavi Road, Chamarajpete, 2010 (2nd Publication)) Raghavanka; N. Ranganatha SharmaHarishchandra is a legendary Indian king of the Ikshvakudynasty, who appears in several legends in texts such as Aitareya Brahmana, Mahabharata, the Markandeya Purana, and the Devi-Bhagavata Purana. The most famous of these stories is the one mentioned in Markandeya Purana. According to this legend, Harishchandra gave away his kingdom, sold his family and agreed to be a slave - all to fulfill a promise he had made to the sage Vishwamitra.
- Itemಕವಿರಾಜಮಾರ್ಗಂ(Manu Baligar, Director, Department of Kannada and Culture, Kannada Bhavan, J.C. Road., 2011) Shreevijaya; M.V. Seetharamaiah‘Kavirajamarga’ explains mainly about the early literary styles used in various dialects of the Kannada language. This writing was aimed to standardize the existing Kannada writing styles. The book mainly dealt with the earlier writings of the Kannada Prose and Poetry. ‘Kavirajamarga’ has a great influence on growth of Kannada literary works and is a guide for Grammar of Kannada in that era. It has provided a great path to emerging writers as a model.
- Itemଚଉତିଶା ସମଗ୍ର(Odisha Sahitya Akademi Bhubaneswar, 2017) Dr. Surendranath Panigrahi ଡକ୍ଟର ସୁରେନ୍ଦ୍ରନାଥ ପାଣିଗ୍ରାହୀ
- Itemମାଦଳାପାଞ୍ଜି(Odisha Sahitya Akademi Bhubaneswar, 2020) Dr. Artaballabh Mohanti ଡକ୍ଟର ଆର୍ତ୍ତବଲ୍ଲଭ ମହାନ୍ତିMadala Panji is the record of the temple of Jagannath preserved by the kings written on the palm leaf manuscripts. It is known as Madala Panji or the Drum Chronicle because of the drum like shape of palm leaf manuscripts of these records assume when bond together with strings. This Chronicle has two principal parts. In one part describe various ceremonies at the shrine of Jagannath in all the details. The other part describe the ruling dynasties and the individual rulers of Odisha who traditionally without exception have accepted Jagannath as the divine source of their sanction and fountainhead for the mysterious spiritual influence on the people of Odisha. This Chronicle is supposed to have been started with the command of the first king of Ganga Dynasty Chodoganga Deba during 12th century. Three separate families of Karanas( writers) have been keeping these records generations after generations which is kept in the temple itself. Written by the professional employees of the temple these records however have little literary value. But this chronicles have provided the raw material for excellent Kavyas and Nataks in Odia through many romantic legends. Their languages generally inartistic, but there worth as literature lies in the social pictures they present in different historical periods.
- Itemରୁଦ୍ରସୁଧାନିଧି(Odisha Sahitya Akademi Bhubaneswar, 2020) ନାରାୟଣାନନ୍ଦ ଅବଧୂତ ସ୍ୱାମୀ Narayanananda Abadhut Swami; Dr. Karunakar Kar ଡକ୍ଟର କରୁଣାକର କରRudra Sudha Nidhi( the Treasure Casket of the Nectar of Rudra) is the earliest complete prose work in Odia. Most of the scholars placed this text in the13th century. Though it was a pioneering venture by Narayana anda Abadhuta Swami, a Saivite mendicant of Bhubaneswar, it is surprisingly excellent and naturally created to propagate the virtue and power of Rudra. Combining the qualities of prose and poetry this text is quite unique for its creativity, artistic execution and romantic imagination. It comments in itself in beautiful harmony romance and austerity, asceticism and sensuousness, classical dignity and romantic freedom. Though it is undoubtedly prose the lines somehow rhyme almost after every third sentence the natural result of the reach alliterative and rhythmic prose that the author employed for his work is the medium fit for his mythological and romantic story. While mixed with the poetry this prose book Rudra Sudha Nidhi is one of the most effective as prose also it is the best of the period because of its complete expressiveness and strong individuality.